Sunday, July 10, 2022

Farewell letter from a whistleblower to former fellow priests

OAKLAND (CA)

July 5, 2022

By Tim Stier

[Tim Stier served for decades as a priest in the diocese of Oakland CA. He sent this letter on May 31, 2022.]

Dear No-Longer-Fellow Priests,

This will likely be my farewell letter to most of you, which may be glad tidings to those of you who do not enjoy hearing from me.

Last week, I learned from David Staal, a canon lawyer for the Diocese of Oakland, that the Vatican had officially laicized me as of March 19th. The grounds for my ouster from the priesthood was my persistent refusal of an assignment in 2005 after I told Allen Vigneron, then Oakland’s bishop, that I could not in good conscience accept another assignment until he was willing to open a public dialog throughout the diocese on three issues roiling the Church: the sexual abuse of minors by clergy and its cover-up by bishops and their cronies, the refusal of the Church to recognize the full equality of women and to admit them to ordained ministry, and the cruel treatment of sexual minorities based on an outdated theory of human sexuality. Vigneron refused such a dialog and I refused an assignment.

In the ensuing 17 years, I spent 11 years of Sundays, outside the Cathedral for two hours each week, to show solidarity with oppressed Catholics from the three groups named above: abuse survivors, women, and sexual minorities.

During those 11 years of Sundays, Bishop Barber never walked down to greet me or ask what I was about. Very likely he was embarrassed by my presence because I was calling on him to hold accountable the bishop of Oakland who ordained me in 1979, John Cummins. John is long since retired but his bad deeds live on in the daily suffering of the hundreds, possibly thousands of clergy abuse survivors whose abuse his decisions aided and abetted. I would like you to know at least a little about his egregious abuse of authority during his 26 years at the helm of our diocese. I have written to him more than once and asked him to publicly make amends for his choice to put the reputation of the church and protection of its assets ahead of the safety of children. He appears to be in blissful denial: “We made some mistakes.” Keep reading to learn the difference between a mistake and a crime.

When the time comes for John to pass from this world, he will likely be lauded as a good bishop who oversaw many worthwhile ministries and projects. Also likely will be a loud silence about his crimes. Every claim I make in the following description of Cummins’ misdeeds I can back up with good sourcing.

John Cummins was head of the diocese of Oakland from 1977 to 2003. He saw himself as a Vatican II-style bishop and in that vein, he promoted many worthwhile projects and initiatives. But his early and complete indoctrination and inculturation into the corrupt culture and power structure of all-male clericalism, which rules with absolute sovereignty over the Roman Catholic Church, conditioned his thinking and actions in perverse ways.

My first experience of his clerical shadow happened about a year after my ordination. He invited my three ordination mates and me to a meeting at his residence next door to St. Frances de Sales Cathedral in Oakland. He asked us how we were doing after a year of parish work. Our conversation covered a lot of ground and he seemed sincerely concerned for our happiness and well-being. I reluctantly shared a concern with him about a notoriously eccentric and mean-spirited pastor of a parish near mine. John listened to the complaints I shared, ones I had heard from members of the priest’s parish, which demonstrated beyond question the man’s need to be in another profession. John responded by telling us that we priests needed “to take care of each other.” Note his knee jerk habit of putting clergy ahead of abused lay people. His response was also an example of Cummins’ propensity to use words to obfuscate but I didn’t have the nerve to ask him what he meant. What his opaque words did not mean or include was an ounce of concern for the people in this angry priest’s parish, some of whom were being driven away by Fr. X’s erratic behavior. Never could I have imagined then that Cummins making excuses for troubled and authoritarian priests would have extended to priests who sexually abuse children and teens. In 1980, I had never heard of a priest abusing a minor with the exception of Steve Kiesle at Our Lady of the Rosary, Union City, but Cummins knew of many right here in our diocese.

I only knew about Kiesle because I succeeded him at OLR one year after he was arrested. As most of you know, abuse cases were kept as secret as possible until Boston was forced into transparency by journalists and the courts and my favorite lawyer, Mitchell Garabedian, prominently featured in my favorite movie, SPOTLIGHT.

My second significant experience of Cummins’ clerical shadow occurred in the 1990’s when I served on the Priest Personnel Board of the diocese. This elected Board, comprised of about eight priests, met every two months to advise the bishop on priest assignments. Cummins usually accepted our recommendations. I found serving on the Board a maddening experience because we lacked enough priests (quantity) to fill vacancies in the diocese, but also enough competent priests (quality). Cummins would show up towards the end of each meeting when we would typically have lunch together and then offer the bishop our recommendations. At one meeting, I shared my deep frustration with Cummins and fellow Board members during an especially trying meeting. I said in effect: we lack priests in quantity and quality to serve the people of the parishes so why don’t we discern together how we can expand the pool of available priests, e.g., married priests and women priests. Cummins gave me a death stare, as if to say, how dare you question Church tradition and doctrine openly! A fellow priest on the Board told me in no uncertain terms that it was only at the Vatican level that the pool of ordination candidates could be discussed. In other words, it was not my place to discern or even discuss who God might be calling to priesthood; that topic was way above our pay grade, case closed. This silencing flies in the face of the gift of the Holy Spirit given to all the baptized and confirmed members of the Body of Christ. Bishop Cummins kept on assigning some unqualified priests to the parishes of the diocese, and most Board members shrugged their shoulders and sighed, “What can we do?”

Little did I know, due to the secrecy surrounding these matters, that during Cummins’ entire twenty-six years as bishop of the diocese of Oakland, he was aiding and abetting the sexual abuse of minors by leaving in place known-to-him sexual predators, and transferring known-to-him sexual predators from one parish to another. Here follow a few examples, all now on the public record, thanks to the courage and perseverance of abuse survivors, journalists, and lawyers in the pursuit of justice and transparency:

Monsignor George Francis, pastor of St. Bede Parish, Hayward, from 1955 to 1986, abused little girls for over forty years. In the early 1980’s, then Chancellor, Father George Crespin received a call from a neighbor of one of Francis’ victims to say that Francis would regularly visit the victim’s home while the little girl’s parents were out. The neighbor lived across the street from the victim and noticed the priest’s comings and goings, and grew suspicious enough to call Fr Crespin at the diocese headquarters. The victim, many years later, testified in a lawsuit settled by the Oakland diocese for three million dollars, that Francis was sexually abusing her on a regular basis from ages five to eight, from 1979 to 1982. Msgr. Francis was left in place as pastor until he suffered a stroke in 1986. Monsignor Vincent Breen was pastor of Holy Spirit Parish, Fremont, from 1953 until 1982. Breen was reported to the diocese several times for sexually abusing girls from the parish school. Their suffering continues to this day: sleep problems, panic attacks, depression, substance abuse, and suicidality; and these are the fortunate ones who are still alive! Breen abused dozens of young girls with impunity for decades. Only his arrest by the Fremont police ended his reign of terror.

Fathers Don Broderson and Bob Poncirolli were moved from parish to parish repeatedly by the first bishop of Oakland, Floyd Begin, and his successor John Cummins with the assistance of Fathers Brian Joyce and George Crespin who served as chancellors. This criminal policy by Cummins and company provided these two dangerous priests new opportunities to abuse. Broderson was moved four times; Poncirolli was moved nine times. Broderson abused dozens of boys and two girls. Poncirolli sexually assaulted at least thirty boys. This list of known examples of John Cummins putting the good of the Church’s reputation ahead of the safety of children is far from exhaustive. He was equally protective of priest abusers like Gary Tollner, James Clark, and Stephen Kiesle, each of whom had several victims.

The current bishop of Oakland, Michael Barber, belatedly released the names of priest perpetrators in the Oakland diocese on August 16, 2018. His list was woefully incomplete but in his written statement he wrote the following: “The bishops who refused to stop this immoral and criminal behavior must also be held accountable.” All well and good except that accountability for Begin and Cummins has yet to happen. In March, 2018, Barber authorized The Catholic Voice, the bimonthly newspaper, now magazine of the Oakland diocese, to devote an entire issue to honoring Bishop emeritus John Cummins on the occasion of his 90th birthday. Not one word in the Catholic Voice’s tribute was allotted to Cummins’ history of aiding and abetting sexual abuse of children under his care while scores of individuals and groups from throughout the diocese and beyond sang his praises.

Why was Cummins celebrated in the Catholic Voice? Why is Cummins’ name on a building at St. Mary’s College in Moraga? Much of the information in this reckoning was publicly reported in an Oakland Tribune series in the spring of 2008.

Jesus’ harshest criticism was directed at hypocritical religious leaders. How can we trust that children are safe in the Oakland diocese when John Cummins is treated with deference and unqualified and undeserved respect?

If you know and like John Cummins, or are feeling angry at me for this truth-telling, I ask you to imagine yourself as a ten year-old boy or girl from a Catholic family who suffers rape by a priest in your parish. The bishop and a few of his assistant priests learn of this horrific crime but instead of protecting you by calling the police, they conspire to keep the crime a secret by silencing your parents with a non-disclosure agreement and monetary payout, and then either leaving the priest in your parish or moving him to one at the other end of the diocese where he continues to sexually abuse more children. This scenario happened again and again and again under Cummins’ leadership.

I hear from many clergy and lay people that things are better now: safer environments for children, “no more secrets”, the Dallas Charter, pious apologies, and pledges of transparency and accountability from Cummins’ successors, Vigneron, Cordileone, and Barber. I wish that things were better now but they are not! In 2019 alone, two priests in the Oakland diocese were accused by minors of sexual abuse. Fr. David Vela sits in San Quentin Prison and Fr. Alex Castillo was removed from ministry only to flee the country while Bishop Barber and District Attorney Nancy O’Malley looked the other way.

Many people rationalize John Cummins’ behavior in putting the reputation of the Church over the safety of children as the way that most bishops of his time behaved. That argument provides a chilling insight into the evil of clericalism as a culture and a system of power governing the Catholic Church. All the Church’s preaching, teaching and laws about the primacy of Jesus as Lord and head of the Church is revealed to be empty rhetoric and glaring hypocrisy.

The victims of John Cummins’ decades-long refusal to hold himself and the priests under his authority accountable were CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS. The ones still alive suffer devastating ongoing trauma. And all Cummins could say in a trial deposition was that “we made some mistakes”. Tell that to the scores of victims whom Cummins left unprotected and vulnerable to the predations of Francis, Breen, Broderson, Poncirolli, Clark, and many more wolves in sheep’s clothing.

The facts recounted here played a big role in my choice to refuse a parish assignment in 2005. Also, I could not go about business as usual after a long meeting I had that year with an abuse survivor of Fr. James Clark. Clark had previously served as pastor of Corpus Christi, Fremont from 1965 to 1985 where he abused at least five boys. The victim who shared his painful story with me did so in the rectory which was my home from 1992 to 2004.

The next time you hear Michael Barber holding forth on the glories of the Latin Mass, or the importance of priests keeping celibacy, why not ask him why he has not held John Cummins accountable for aiding and abetting the sexual abuse of children and teens for 26 years? If he really wants to show that he is pro-life, not only pro-birth, why not ask him to stand up for the hundreds and hundreds of children whose lives as adults are a daily train wreck because he and every one of his predecessors lacked the courage and Spirit to say ENOUGH IS ENOUGH, and to put those words into action for justice.

As a lay person, I cannot preach or celebrate sacraments any longer, but I am available to share with your parish the dark history of our diocese. Of course Mike Barber may not approve because he thinks the catastrophe is all in the past. The victims of David Vela and Alex Castillo beg to differ, as well as the scores of victims who suffered abuse during the time of John Cummins.

In the Spirit,

Tim Stier

timstier1@icloud.com

Friday, June 17, 2022

Contrary to what Oakland's bishop says, Cardinal-designate McElroy abhors abortion

Michael Sean Winters
June 17, 2022
National Catholic Reporter


We are living in a time of unprecedented polarization in the country and within the U.S. church. And so it is depressing to see how some bishops and bishop whisperers are engaging in the kind of culture war tactics that not only impede affective collegiality but traffic in nastiness of a kind never before seen on public display.

These culture war tactics are especially jarring because the bishops are on retreat together this week. In his recent article in The Wall Street Journal contrasting the leadership approaches of San Francisco Archbishop Salvatore Cordileone and San Diego Cardinal-designate Robert McElroy, Francis Rocca noted that on this retreat, the bishops would focus on topics including "community and fraternity among the bishops," and "unity and mutual support among bishops."

Rocca interviewed Oakland Bishop Michael Barber, who proceeded to misrepresent McElroy's position on legalized abortion and to do so in a way that did little to support community, fraternity, unity and mutual support among the hierarchy. Rocca wrote, "[Barber] said that Bishop McElroy acknowledges the injustice of abortion but evidently thinks 'it's not wrong enough that you need say or do anything about it or interact with the politicians who are publicly promoting it.'

" That is a slur. At San Diego's Walk for Life earlier this year, McElroy acknowledged the prospect of overturning Roe v. Wade, which would return the issue of abortion to state legislatures. He said, "It's going to be a very hard road [in California], but at the same time for our country this is a really wonderful moment." McElroy also said, "This is a moment not to cease or downsize our efforts but to redouble them here in California." Does that sound like someone who doesn't think abortion is not very important?

What McElroy opposes is weaponizing the Eucharist (he coined the phrase) in an effort to get legislators to oppose abortion rights, as Cordileone has not only advocated but, in the case of House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, actually implemented. The issue is not abortion. The issue is whether the act of legislating about abortion entails an intrinsic evil. And legislating inevitably involves prudential judgments. McElroy delivered a lecture on precisely this point that NCR published in 2020.

Such distinctions are lost on bishops like Barber and Cordileone. It can be said of Cordileone what was once said of Secretary of State John Foster Dulles: He is the only bull who brings his own china shop with him. McElroy recognizes that such a combative approach has only served to bring the culture wars within the walls of the church, but he is decidedly pro-life and Barber's insinuation to the contrary is despicable.

It was something else Barber said in that interview, however, that may be more significant because it sounded more like a meme, and memes can catch on. Barber indicated the two prelates "represent 'two forces in the church right now.' " Rocca observed: "The former reflects the priorities of Pope Francis and the latter those of St. John Paul II (the former pope) and Pope Benedict XVI, who stressed the need to challenge politicians on abortion."

It is undoubtedly true that McElroy has been one of the U.S. bishops most attuned to Francis' agenda. It is also true that Francis' priorities and approach to many issues differs from that of his immediate predecessors. But, the framing Barber provides, and Rocca relates, is wrong. Cordileone may reflect some of the priorities of John Paul or Benedict, but so does McElroy. All three popes evidenced concern to challenge politicians — and others — on abortion.

This pitting one pope against another is understandable, but it can also become facile. As is the case with non-ecclesial matters, that facileness often derives from ideological blinders and, in this case, a certain American myopia.

On issues of Catholic social teaching, there have been obvious differences between the popes. John Paul wrote his three great social encyclicals as communism was crumbling, when the "End of History" was in the air. Benedict wrote his one social encyclical in the wake of the economic meltdown of 2008. Francis, the first pope from the global South, is also the first from a country that experienced a sovereign debt crisis. These experiences undoubtedly shaped their approaches to Catholic social doctrine, but what stands out are the obvious points of continuity: The developing of solidarity as a central theme, a non-dualistic approach to issues of Christian anthropology rooted in Gaudium et spes #22, a recognition that the market posed dangers as well as solutions, not just to public morals but to human dignity.

It is true that Francis represents a clear break from the social teaching of John Paul if you relied on George Weigel to interpret that teaching. Weigel's distortions of John Paul's teaching was a central theme of Massimo Borghesi's book Catholic Discordance: Neoconservatism vs. the Field Hospital Church of Pope Francis, which I reviewed in two parts.

To see the total article click here

Tuesday, June 14, 2022

Study finds German Catholic priests sexually abused over 600 victimes

BERLIN (GERMANY)
CNN [Atlanta GA]

June 13, 2022

By Inke Kappeler and Lauren Said-Moorhous

At least 610 children were documented as having been sexually abused by Catholic priests between 1945 and 2020 in the diocese of the west German city of Münster, according to a study released Monday.

The new report from the University of Münster found nearly 200 members of the clergy committed nearly 6,000 instances of abuse.

Researchers believe the true number of victims could be much higher — up to between 5,000 and 6,000 more victims — due to unreported cases, the report’s authors said at a press conference outlining their findings on Monday.

Münster’s Bishop Felix Genn, who was appointed to his position in 2008, received the university’s findings Monday and said he will make a public statement on Friday.

CNN has separately reached out to the Vatican for comment.

Historian Natalie Powroznik, who was involved in the study, accused the priests of an average of two individual acts of abuse against victims per week, but said that number could also be higher.

“Three quarters of the victims were boys aged 10 to 14,” Powroznik also said. The victims were tied to the church through altar server service, church youth camps or during reception of holy sacraments.

The researchers further allege that bishops in the diocese over the decades were aware of the widespread abuse, but failed to act and repeatedly used abusive clergy in pastoral care, enabling further acts to transpire.

According to the study, only 12% of alleged offenders were removed. A common practice for handling clergymen involved in the abuse was to either admonish them or send them for short-term stays in a monastery, but most of the accused abusers were sent to another parish where they continued their crimes, researchers said.

Today, around 50 of the accused priests are still alive, they added.

The study also found that the 43% of the interviewed victims reported strong physical violence and have had to bear “substantial consequences” psychologically, such as anxiety disorders and depression. The historians also noted several suicide attempts among victims said to be due to the abuse.

The new report is the latest among allegations of a legacy of widespread child sexual abuse in Germany’s Catholic Church in recent years.

In January, a Church-commissioned report into abuse by Catholic clergy in the Archdiocese of Munich and Freising concluded former Pope Benedict XVI knew of abusive priests during his time there from 1977 to 1982 but failed to act. A month after the report’s publication, the retired pope asked for forgiveness but denied any wrongdoing.

A 2018 report commissioned by the German Bishops’ Conference found at least 1,670 clergy were involved in at least 3,677 cases of child sex abuse by the clergy between 1946 and 2014.

The-CNN-Wire

Sunday, June 5, 2022

The Pope's Secret Back Channel to Hitler

From left to right: Adolf Hitler, Prince Philipp von Hessen, Joachim von Ribbentrop, and Pope Pius XII (Illustration by Cristiana Couceiro. Sources: Ullstein / Getty; Süddeutsche Zeitung / Alamy; Realy Easy Star / Fotografia Felici / Alamy)


THE POPE’S SECRET BACK CHANNEL TO HITLER

Newly revealed Vatican documents uncover a long-held secret: As war broke out, Pius XII used a Nazi prince to negotiate with Adolf Hitler.

By David I. Kertzer
MAY 31, 2022

About the author: David I. Kertzer is the author of the forthcoming book The Pope at War: The Secret History of Pius XII, Mussolini, and Hitler. Kertzer was awarded the 2015 Pulitzer Prize for Biography for The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe.

In august 1939, as he was finalizing plans for the invasion of Poland, Adolf Hitler was also engaged in negotiations with Pope Pius XII so delicate that not even the German ambassador to the Holy See knew about them. The existence of these talks was a secret the Vatican was eager to maintain long after Pius XII’s death—as it did for eight decades. The 12-volume compilation of the Holy See’s documents on the Second World War, completed in 1981, which to date has constituted the official record of Vatican activity during that period, contains no reference to the negotiations. Knowledge of them has only now come to light with the recent opening of the Pius XII archives at the Vatican.

For the complete aricle see The Atlantic.

Sunday, January 24, 2021

In a first for Spain, Jesuits admit to decades of sex abuse

ARITZ PARRA and NICOLE WINFIELD (AP)
January 22, 2021

MADRID (AP) — The first comprehensive internal inquiry on sex abuse allegations by a religious order in Spain has identified 81 children and 37 adult victims of 96 Jesuits since the late 1920s, a much higher number than the cases that had so far been publicly known.

Associations of victims are welcoming the disclosure, but they see it falling short since the names of perpetrators or those who covered up the abuses weren’t disclosed. They also want the Jesuits’ inquiry to lead to proper criminal cases against the few abusers that are still alive and a detailed plan to compensate their victims.

“It’s a timid measure that goes in the right direction, but it falls too short,” Miguel Hurtado, a spokesman with the Stolen Childhood Association, told The Associated Press on Friday.

Jesuits is how members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order formed in 1540 by Ignatius Loyola, are commonly known. According to its website, the order runs 68 schools with some 75,000 students in Spain as well as half a dozen universities and high education centers.

The Society of Jesus in Spain said in its report published Thursday that the internal probe confirmed that 96 members had been accused of sex abuses since 1927, the year of the first recorded case. For 65 of the Jesuits, the accusations involved underage victims. The report nevertheless highlighted that the accused Jesuits make up just over 1% of the 8,782 members admitted in the order during the past 93 years.

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See full story here https://apnews.com/article/international-news-sexual-abuse-by-clergy-spain-bd48515c52e036fcaa96dcf4edb488d2

Sunday, May 26, 2019

'No words to express our shame': 
Polish bishops apologize for abuse

 May 22, 2019
by Jonathan Luxmoore, Catholic News Service AccountabilityWorld

 Polish Archbishop Wojciech Polak of Gniezno speaks during a news conference in Warsaw May 22, 2019, after bishops met to discuss steps the Catholic Church will take to tackle the problem of clergy sex abuse. (CNS/Agencja Gazeta, Slawomir Kaminski via Reuters) WARSAW, POLAND

WARSAW, POLAND — The Polish bishops' administrative council met in emergency session May 22 and later admitted the church failed to act against clerical sexual abuse.
The meeting came amid outrage over a two-hour documentary, "Just Don't Tell Anyone," that included drastic accounts of cover-up of clerical sex abuse in Poland. The film had more than 19 million views within six days of its May 11 YouTube posting.
"The whole church community in Poland has been shaken by the latest painful information — these crimes have caused deep suffering for harmed people," the bishops said in a pastoral letter to be read in parishes nationwide May 26.
"There are no words to express our shame at the sexual scandals clergy have participated in. They are a source of great evil and demand total condemnation, as well as severe consequences for the criminals and for those who concealed such acts."
The bishops said they had been "deeply affected" by "shocking testimonies" in the film, as well as by its portrayal of a "lack of sympathy, sinful neglect and myopia" shown toward abuse victims.
It added that Catholic clergy and laity now had to act together in support of victims and to "rebuild trust in priests and bishops" in Poland.
"Everyone with any sensitivity, hearing of the fate of these harmed people, will feel pain, emotion and sadness toward their suffering, and we thank all those who have had the courage to speak about it," the bishops said.
"We admit that, as pastors of the church, we did not do everything to prevent this hurt. For many faithful, especially young people sincerely seeking God, sexual scandals involving clergy have been a heavy challenge to faith and a cause of terrible outrage."
The two-hour film, made with internet fundraising by investigative journalist Tomasz Sekielski, was the first that graphically detailed the cover-up of sexual abuse in the Polish church and follows a cinema drama on church corruption, "Kler" (Clergy), which broke box-office records last fall.
Besides alleging prevalent child sexual abuse, it shows the evasive behavior of perpetrators when confronted by victims and links abuse with secretive church structures and procedures.
The film, which makes accusations against Fr. Franciszek Cybula, personal chaplain to former President Lech Walesa, also accuses several bishops and archbishops of concealing abusive clergy from law enforcement and says priests continued working with children and celebrating Mass despite being sentenced for abuse and defrocked by the church.
Speaking in mid-May, Sekielski said he was negotiating with Netflix to distribute the film, which has since been broadcast on two Polish TV channels. He also said he was considering a whole documentary series.
Several dioceses and religious orders also issued statements in response to the film's claims.

Friday, March 10, 2017

Pope Francis may alow married Catholic men as Priests

Della Gallagher
CNN
March 10, 2017

Rome (CNN)Pope Francis has said he is open to married men becoming priests to combat the Roman Catholic Church's shortage of clergy.

In an interview with German newspaper Die Zeit, Pope Francis said the lack of Catholic priests was an "enormous problem" for the Church, and indicated he would be open to a change in the rules governing eligibility for the priesthood.

"We need to consider if 'viri probati' could be a possibility," he said. "If so, we would need to determine what duties they could undertake, for example, in remote communities."

Viri probati is the Latin term for "tested men" or married men of outstanding faith and virtue.

The option would allow men who are already married to be ordained as priests. But single men who are already priests would not be allowed to marry, according to the Pope.

"Voluntary celibacy is not a solution," he said.

The Catholic Church already allows some married men to be ordained priests.

Protestant married priests who convert to Catholicism can continue to be married and be a Roman Catholic priest, providing they have their wives' permission.

And Eastern Catholic churches that are in communion with the Roman Catholic Church can also maintain their tradition of married priests.

The Roman Catholic Church believes priests should not marry based on certain passages in the Bible, and because it believes that the priest acts "in persona Christi" (in the person of Christ) and should therefore be celibate, like Christ.

This teaching was re-affirmed by St. John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI.

Pope Francis in his book, "On Heaven and Earth," said that "For the time being, I am in favor of maintaining celibacy with the pros and cons that it has, because it has been ten centuries of good experiences more often than failure."